The evidence behind ADR.
The fastest way to trust a new subsurface technology is to see it tested against the ground. Explore VEXRAD case studies by market and by the strength of evidence supporting each result.
Case-study library
From narrow-vein gold and deep zinc–lead sulphides to geothermal reservoirs and groundwater: each case is presented with the result, its evidence tier and its limitations.
Australia Gold: a pre-drill sulphide target
A surface ADR anomaly was registered before CT8205 was drilled to test it. The subsequent hole intersected a narrow high-grade gold-bearing sulphide zone.
Pend Oreille: finding lead–zinc sulphides from surface
Surface Virtual Boreholes were compared with drill information to test whether ADR responses discriminated sulphide-bearing from non-sulphide intervals.
Red Dog: transferring a sulphide fingerprint
Multi-evidential sulphide criteria developed across independent datasets were tested against known Red Dog geology and down-hole mineralisation.
Australia Zinc: reading deep sulphides from surface
ADR energy, frequency and dielectric responses were compared with parallel drill hole BBDD054 across a deep pyrite–sphalerite system.
Scotland: gold-bearing sulphides from surface
Two calibrated surveys separated sulphide-bearing from barren ground, reproduced known mineralised zones and identified deeper undrilled candidates.
A pre-drill prediction tested by a 5 km well
ADR predictions were compared with independent data from a deep geothermal well to test whether predicted permeable intervals aligned with drilling evidence.
Australia Geothermal: a hot aquifer from surface
Reservoir sands and temperature were modelled at depth, with calibrated evidence separated clearly from the deeper untested target.
Mapping groundwater from surface
Fifteen surface Virtual Boreholes were combined into a multi-parameter water model to rank interpreted water-bearing zones and dewatering candidates.
The science behind ADR.
ADR has been developed in the open scientific record through peer-reviewed journals, international geoscience conferences and collaborative research. The selected papers below connect the field evidence to the physics, processing and application of the technology.
Ground penetrating abilities of a new coherent radio wave and microwave imaging spectrometer
International Journal of Remote Sensing · G.C. Stove, J. McManus, M.J. Robinson, G.D.C. Stove, A. Odell
Publication details →Identification and delineation of potash deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada, using pulsed radar technology
GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 85(6) · G. Stove, M. Robinson, L. Fourie, P. Neufeld, M. Ferguson
Publication details →Green technology to help calculate subsurface geothermal zones and temperatures before drilling
First Break, Vol. 40(10) · G. Stove, O. Delgado, D. Limmer, L. Lawrence
Publication details →Environmentally friendly, low-impact, low-power electromagnetic technique for mineral exploration
First Break, Vol. 41(8) · G. Stove
Publication details →Modeling and simulation of low-frequency subsurface radar imaging in permafrost
Computer Science & Information Technology, 6(3) · K. van den Doel, G. Stove
Publication details →Deep detection range test for a low-frequency subsurface radar system
84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition · co-authored with STFC Boulby Underground Laboratory and ICL.
Publication details →Geothermal · critical minerals · water · depth penetration · electromagnetic modelling
What could ADR add before you drill?
Start with the decision you need to make, the target, the depth and the evidence you already have. VEXRAD can assess whether ADR is technically relevant before proposing fieldwork.
How we classify results
Validated, Grounded, Candidate and Known Null — and why the distinction matters.
Explore the Virtual Borehole
See how surface-acquired ADR becomes a depth-resolved subsurface interpretation.
ADR Opportunity Report
A desk-based assessment of whether ADR fits the target, data and decision.